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Academic Ranking of World Universities

The Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) compiled originally by the Shanghai Jiao Tong University and now maintained by the ShanghaiRanking Consultancy, has provided annual global rankings of universities since 2003, making it the earliest of its kind. ARWU does not rely on surveys and school submissions. Among other criteria, ARWU includes the number of articles published by Nature or Science and the number of Nobel Prize winners and Fields Medalists (mathematics).  Harvard has topped the ranking for years.  One of the primary criticisms of ARWU's methodology is that it is biased towards the natural sciences and English language science journals over other subjects. dubious – discuss][failed verification] Moreover, the ARWU is known for "relying solely on research indicators", and "the ranking is heavily weighted toward institutions whose faculty or alumni have won Nobel Prizes": it does not measure "the quality of teaching or the quality of
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Global rankings

See Regional and national rankings for university rankings within a particular region. Several organizations produce worldwide university rankings, including the following. The three longest established and most influential global rankings are those produced by ShanghaiRanking Consultancy (the Academic Ranking of World Universities; ARWU), Times Higher Education (THE), and Quacquarelli Symonds (QS). All of these, along with other global rankings, primarily measure the research performance of universities rather than their teaching.  They have been criticised for being "largely based on what can be measured rather than what is necessarily relevant and important to the university" and the validity of the data available globally has been questioned. While some rankings attempt to measure teaching using metrics such as staff to student ratio, the Higher Education Policy Institute has pointed out that the metrics used are more closely related to research than teaching qualit
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College and university rankings

College and university rankings are rankings of institutions in higher education which have been ranked on the basis of various combinations of various factors.  None of the rankings give a comprehensive overview of the strengths of the institutions ranked because all select a range of easily quantifiable characteristics to base their results on.  Rankings have most often been conducted by magazines, newspapers, websites, governments, or academics. In addition to ranking entire institutions, organizations perform rankings of specific programs, departments, and schools.  Various rankings consider combinations of measures of funding and endowment, research excellence and/or influence, specialization expertise, admissions, student options, award numbers, internationalization, graduate employment, industrial linkage, historical reputation and other criteria.  Various rankings mostly evaluating on institutional output by research. Some rankings evaluate institutions within a single
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